Vladyslav Shutochkin. Military-political cooperation between Ukraine and Turkey as a component of countering putin's russian armed aggression
Keywords:
Ukrainian-Turkish relations, military-political cooperation, full-scale invasion, putin's russia, bayraktar, Black Sea region.Abstract
The article analyzes the military-political cooperation between Ukraine and Turkey during the XXI century, which has become one of the components of Ukraine's defense against full-scale russian aggression. A historical vision of the formation of relations is shown, which became the basis for the establishment of a modern military-political alliance. Based on the analysis of Ukrainian scientists, certificates of the diplomatic missions of Ukraine and Turkey, interstate agreements, and official media, the content of cooperation is revealed, the forms and directions of military-political cooperation between Ukraine and Turkey and their implementation in the russian-Ukrainian confrontation are shown. The main reasons that hinder the fruitful military-political dialogue in the conditions of a full-scale invasion of putin's russia into Ukraine are analyzed. Ukraine and Turkey have had common historical and political ties for centuries. Therefore, when Ukraine became an independent state, the Republic of Turkey is beginning to become a reliable partner for it. The parties are actively cooperating in the political and military spheres. Turkey, as one of the first countries in the world, recognized the independence of Ukraine. A number of agreements have been signed between the two countries, including military cooperation, training, joint coordination of their armed forces, and joint actions to maintain security in the Black Sea region. Nowadays, Turkey is an active supplier of weapons, including “Bayraktar” drones. Also, Turkey is a reliable political partner during the full-scale invasion of putin's russia. In particular, it has closed the Bosporus and Dardanelles to prevent the russian federation from increasing its navy and is helping to organize the extraction of Mariupol defenders. However, Turkey, as a country of the anti-putin coalition, has not imposed anti-russian sanctions, has not closed the airspace with russia, and is actively cooperating with the aggressor economically and touristically. Thus, the military-political alliance between Ukraine and Turkey calls into question the existence of good neighborly relations between these countries.
References
Agreement between the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine and the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Turkey on bilateral cooperation in the field of military education and training. № 792_100. Activity from January, 28 1997.
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/792_100#Text. [in Ukrainian].
Agreement on the Establishment of the Black Sea Naval Cooperation Group. № 998_151. Activity from June 5, 2003. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/998_151#Text. [in Ukrainian].
Al-Azavi Khaider Adil Kadim. (2017). Evoliutsiia rehionalnoi polityky Turetskoi Respubliky [Evolution of regional policy of the Republic of Turkey]. (Candidate`s thesis). Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Kyiv. [in Ukrainian].
«Bairaktar» znyshchyv vorozhyi komandnyi punkt na ostrovi Zmiinyi [«Bayraktar» destroyed an enemy command post on Zmiinyi Island.]. (May 3, 2022). UKRINFORM. Multymediina platforma inomovlennia Ukrainy. https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-ato/3474185-bajraktar-znisiv-vorozij-komandnij-punkt-na-ostrovi-zmiinij.html. [in Ukrainian].
Danylchenko, K. (October 3, 2020). Bayraktar TB2: dosvid trokh voien [Bayraktar TB2: the experience of three wars]. Ukrainian Military Pages. [in Ukrainian].
https://web.archive.org/web/20201029222342/https://www.ukrmilitary.com/2020/10/bayraktar-tb2.html. [in Ukrainian].
Demshychak, R. (2019). Korektsiia ukrainsko-turetskykh vidnosyn u konteksti zovnishnopolitychnoho kursu prezydenta Turechchyny Redzhepa Erdohana [Correction of Ukrainian-Turkish relations in the context of the foreign policy course of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan]. Naukovyi zhurnal «Politykus», 1, 82-87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24195/2414-9616-2019-1-82-87. [in Ukrainian].
Fesenko, V. (March 30, 2022). Stambulskyi raund peremovyn – pochatok bilsh zmistovnoho, ale y skladnishoho etapu perehovornoho protsesu [The Istanbul Round of Negotiations is the beginning of a more meaningful, but also more complex stage of the negotiation process]. UKRINFORM. Multymediina platforma inomovlennia Ukrainy.
https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-ato/3443928-stambulskij-raund-peremovin-pocatok-bils-zmistovnogo-ale-j-skladnisogo-etapu-peregovornogo-procesu.html. [in Ukrainian].
Framework military agreement between the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Government of the Republic of Turkey. No 792_004-20 Activity from November 18 2021, (2021, November 18). https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/792_004-20#Text. [in Ukrainian].
Korsunsky, S. (2011). Ukrainsko-turetski vidnosyny: mynule, sohodennia, zavtra… [Ukrainian-Turkish relations: past, present, tomorrow…]. Zovnishnia polityka i dyplomatiia Ukrainy, 17, 24-31 [in Ukrainian].
Lakhmaniuk, T. (2012). Ukraina i Turetska Respublika: shliakhy spivrobitnytstva [Ukraine and the Republic of Turkey: ways of cooperation]. Ukraina−Yevropa−Svit. Mizhnarodnyi zbirnyk naukovykh prats. Seriia: Istoriia, mizhnarodni vidnosyny, 9, 140-145 [in Ukrainian].
Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine and the Ministry of National Defense of the Republic of Turkey. No 792_042. Activity from July 14, 1993. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/792_042#Text. [in Ukrainian].
Na Donechchyni viiskovi ZSU vpershe zastosuvaly udarni drony Bayraktar proty okupantiv: videomaterial [For the first time in the Donetsk region, the Armed Forces used “Bayraktar” attack drones against the occupiers: video]. (October 26, 2021). Novynarnia. https://web.archive.org/web/20211129122908/https://novynarnia.com/2021/10/26/bajraktar-vpershe/. [in Ukrainian].
Nazarchuk, I. (May 16, 2022). Zastosuvannia Konventsii Montre za umov rosiisko-ukrainskoi viiny [Application of the Montreux Convention during the Russian-Ukrainian war]. Yurydychna Hazeta online. Vseukrainske profesiine yurydychne vydannia. https://yur-gazeta.com/dumka-eksperta/zastosuvannya-konvenciyi-montre-za-umov-rosiyskoukrayinskoyi-viyni.html. [in Ukrainian].
Pershyi Bairaktar na Sumshchyni vzhe znyshchyv blyzko 100 tankiv ta 20 «Hradiv» ahresora [The first “Bayraktar” in the Sumy region has already destroyed about 100 tanks and 20 "Grads" of the aggressor]. (March 1, 2022). UKRINFORM. Multymediina platforma inomovlennia Ukrainy. https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-ato/3416548-persij-bajraktar-na-sumsini-vze-znisiv-blizko-100-tankiv-ta-20-gradiv-agresora.html. [in Ukrainian].
Podoliak podiakuvav rozrobnyku «bairaktariv» za superzbroiu [Podoliak thanked the developer of “Bayraktars” for superweapons]. (March 29, 2022). UKRINFORM. Multymediina platforma inomovlennia Ukrainy. https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-uarazom/3443223-podolak-podakuvav-rozrobniku-bajraktariv-za-superzbrou.html. [in Ukrainian].
Politychni vidnosyny mizh Ukrainoiu i Turechchynoiu [Political relations between Ukraine and Turkey]. Posolstvo Ukrainy u Turetskii Respublitsi [Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of Turkey]. https://turkey.mfa.gov.ua/spivrobitnictvo/564-politichni-vidnosini-mizh-ukrajinoju-i-turechchinoju. [in Ukrainian].
Posolstvo Ukrainy u Turetskii Respublitsi [Embassy of Ukraine in the Republic of Turkey].
https://turkey.mfa.gov.ua/. [in Ukrainian].
Protocol between the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine and the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Turkey on cooperation in the exchange of information in the framework of Operation “Black Sea Harmony”. No 792_063. Activity from January 17, 2007.
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/792_063#Text. [in Ukrainian].
Protocol on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Ukraine and the Republic of Turkey. No 792_024. Activity from February 3, 1992. [in Ukrainian].
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/792_024#Text. [in Ukrainian].
Sabbagh, D., McKernan, B. (November 27, 2019). Revealed: how UK technology fuelled Turkey's rise to global drone power. The Guardian.
Serhiichuk, B., Serhiichuk, V. (2011). Na mezhi dvokh svitiv. Ukrainsko-turetski vidnosyny v seredyni XVI−na pochatku XXI stolittia [On the border of two worlds. Ukrainian-Turkish relations in the middle of the XVI-beginning of the XXI century]. Kyiv: PP. Serhiichuk M.I [in Ukraine].
Solovykh, Ye. (2018). Ukraina-Turechchyna: Polityko-ekonomichni aspekty vzaiemovidnosyn perspektyvy rozvytku [Ukraine-Turkey: Political and economic aspects of the development perspective]. Visnyk KhNU im. V.N.Karazina. Seriia «Mizhnarodni vidnosyny. Ekonomika. Kraieznavstvo. Turyzm», 8, 80-87 [in Ukrainian].
Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Ukraine and the Republic of Turkey. No 792_005. Activity from May 30, 1994. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/792_005#Text. [in Ukrainian].
Tsentr Razumkova. (2011). Ukrainsko-turetske partnerstvo v konteksti bezpeky i stabilnosti chornomorskoho rehionu [Ukrainian-Turkish partnership in the context of security and stability of the Black Sea region]. Zmitsnennia bezpeky v Chornomorskomu rehioni i perspektyvy turetsko-ukrainskoho spivrobitnytstva [Strengthening Security in the Black Sea Region and Prospects for Turkish-Ukrainian Cooperation, Proceedings of the International Conference]. Istanbul. [in Ukrainian].
Turechchyna hotova provesty morsku evakuatsiiu viiskovykh z «Azovstali», ale zghody na tse shche ne otrymala. [Turkey is ready to carry out a naval evacuation of troops from Azovstal, but has not yet agreed.]. (May 14,2022). Radio Svoboda. Novyny | Suspilstvo.
https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/news-azovstal-evakuatsiya-turechchyna/31849717.html. [in Ukrainian].
Vorotniuk, M. (2011). Ukrainsko-turetski vidnosyny: zdobutky, problemy, perspektyvy [Ukrainian-Turkish relations: achievements, problems, prospects]. Zmitsnennia bezpeky v Chornomorskomu rehioni i perspektyvy turetsko-ukrainskoho spivrobitnytstva, tezy mizhnarodnoi konferentsii [Strengthening security in the Black Sea region and prospects for Turkish-Ukrainian cooperation, Abstract of Paper of International conference]. Istanbul [in Ukrainian].
Zelenskyi, V. (February 24, 2022). Stvoriuiemo antyputinsku koalitsiiu. Pro konkretni sanktsii ta konkretnu dopomohu dlia nashykh viiskovykh pohovoryv z @ursulavonderleyen, z @emmanuelmacron, z @karl.nehammer ta @rterdogan. Chekaiemo rishuchykh dii: foto. [We are creating an anti-Putin coalition. He spoke with @ursulavonderleyen, @emmanuelmacron, @ karl.nehammer and @rterdogan about specific sanctions and specific assistance for our military. We are waiting for decisive action: photo]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CaXKn-0AGpG/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link. [in Ukrainian].
